Accidental vitamin D3 overdose in a young man.

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a fat-soluble vitamin that can accumulate in the body and lead to toxicity by increasing 25(OH) D levels when consumed in large amounts. Maintaining 25(OH) D levels greater than 30 ng/mL is crucial for overall health due to the significant role of vitamin D in the body. The most common causes of VD3 intoxication are manufacturing errors or self-administration. Currently, there is no definitive data on the dose and duration of VD3 consumption that leads to toxicity. The maximum daily doses of VD3 that can be tolerated without causing adverse effects are not established. The maximum recommended amount for long-term supplementation is 2,000 units per day. Vitamin D3 toxicity (VDT) can present in various scenarios, ranging from asymptomatic to gastrointestinal, and in severe cases with neuropsychiatric and life-threatening symptoms. We report the case of a 29-year-old man who presented with symptoms of VDT following an accidental overdose of VD3 over 2 weeks.

Tramadol poisoning and its management and complications: a scoping review.

Tramadol (TR) is an opioid agonist (µ-opioid receptors) that also affects the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. TR is a synthetic analgesic substance with opioid agonist properties that has been approved for pain management by affecting the central nervous system. Objective: The primary objective of this scoping review was to determine the poisoning consequences of TR and its associated symptom management techniques, as well as its effect on opioid and non-opioid receptors, metabolism, and complications on various organ systems. Discussion: Typically, acute overdose of TR is not considered life threatening, and most fatalities are attributed to polysubstance overdose. TR can cause drowsiness, headaches, seizures, respiratory depression, low heart rate, coma, and even death. Additionally, the prolonged use of TR can lead to addiction, with withdrawal resulting in both common and atypical symptoms. Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended that patients with TR poisoning receive close monitoring of their cardiovascular system, along with a comprehensive management plan for their levels of consciousness and respiratory function.

Severe metabolic acidosis due to massive metformin overdose in a man: a case report.

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is an extremely unusual but potentially life-threatening condition. This condition is typically observed in individuals who are suicidal or have type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and have taken an overdose of metformin. In this case, we present the instance of a 43-year-old man who had type II DM and was addicted to oral opium. Following a suicide attempt with an overdose of metformin, he experienced symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, weakness and lactic acidosis. However, prompt and effective treatment was administered, including hemodialysis and adequate hemodynamic resuscitation, leading to a successful outcome.

Evaluation of morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol poisoning during the years 2017 to 2019 in Ilam, Iran.

Background: Every year, drug poisoning is the most prevalent reason for referring patients to medical centers. This study aimed to evaluation of morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol poisoning in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam. Methods: In this In this Cross-sectional study, patient samples suspected of morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol poisoning referred to the toxicology laboratory of Ilam University of Medical Sciences were analyzed using the HPLC method, and the results were analysed using SPSS software. Results: Results showed that the percentage of drug use is greater in men than in women. The highest percentage of morphine and methadone poisonings were detected in those under the age of 40, whereas the highest percentage of digoxin poisonings were recorded in those over the age of 80. As a result, the average age of digoxin users was substantially greater in men than in women. Methadone consumers showed significantly greater blood levels than others. In addition, there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in blood levels between men and women who used morphine. Conclusion: In general, it is important to understand the status of drug poisoning with drugs such as morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol, as well as the prognosis associated with the treatment process of such poisoning.

Polycystic ovaries and herbal remedies: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects one in every 15 women worldwide. This disorder is mainly characterized by increased levels of male hormones (androgens), acne, and hirsutism, and can lead to long-term insulin resistance, miscarriage, or even infertility in women. PCOS is a disorder that can be treated with natural and allopathic remedies that work against the PCOS mechanism. The present study reviews previous studies on the treatment of PCOS using natural drugs. METHODS: The data in this study were collected from articles published in reputable databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SID in the field of medicinal plants from 1990 to 2021. RESULTS: A review of the literature showed that plants such as aloe vera and chamomile improve fertility by increasing the number of ovarian follicles. Besides, Vitex agnus-castus and octane reduce hirsutism by reducing testosterone and androgen levels. It was also shown that liquorice, ginseng, cinnamon, and de chiro Inositol improve the adverse effects of diabetes caused by PCOS by lowering lipid and blood glucose levels. Moreover, Stachys lavandulifolia and fennel are effective in changing endometrial tissue parameters in PCOS by reducing estrogen and hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Various studies have shown that herbal medicines can improve PCOS symptoms in women with minimal side effects but a longer treatment cycle.

The relationship between causes of suicidal attempts in Iran and individual and social variables: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of suicide attempts and the relationships between the different causes of attempts with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among individuals in Iran. METHODS: A retrospective review of data about suicide attempts from poisoning care centers in Babol city between 2017 and 2021. Multinomial regression analysis (with mental illness being the reference variable) was used to determine the factors associated with the different causes of suicide attempts (addiction, romantic relationship problems, and economic problems). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of completed suicide in the population sampled was 10.8% (95% confidence interval 9.5-12.1) (244/2,263). Relative to mental disorder, given that other variables in the model are held constant the following were associated with suicide attempts. A previous history of suicide attempts was associated with increasing the relative risk ratio of attempting suicide while having no positive history of smoking was associated with reducing the relative risk ratio of a suicidal attempt. However, the use of multiple drugs to attempt suicide was associated with an increased relative risk ratio of attempting suicide with romantic relationship problems and addiction as causes of suicide attempts. The first year of data collection (2017) and the female gender were both associated with an increased relative risk ratio of having a suicide attempt due to romantic relationships and economic problems. A family history of suicide was associated with an increased relative risk ratio of suicide attempts due to romantic relationship problems. However, using Pesticides-aluminum phosphide and detergent and javel water to attempt reduced the relative risk ratio of attempting due to romantic relationship problems. Age, self-employment, middle income, and married were associated with an increased relative risk ratio of suicide attempts among individuals due to addiction. However, staying longer at the emergency department was associated with a reduced relative risk ratio of having had a suicide attempt due to addiction. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the interplay between romantic hardships, addiction, economic hardships as reasons for suicide attempts and various sociable variables in a population in Northern Iran. The most associated reason for suicide attempts was romantic relationship hardships. Therefore, interventions such as sessions on conflict resolution, boundary setting, and management of grieving would greatly benefit this society and reduce the rate of suicide, especially among individuals with a history of suicide attempts.

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of Morphine, Methadone, Digoxin, and Dronabinol Poisoning in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors of the journal "Current Drug Research Reviews".Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php. Bentham Science Disclaimer: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

The Effects of Toxic Heavy Metals Lead, Cadmium and Copper on the Epidemiology of Male and Female Infertility.

Infertility is a major problem in modern society that affects a significant number of couples around the world. Heavy metals and a number of other factors have been causally linked to infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heavy metals lead, cadmium, and copper on the epidemiology of male and female infertility. Searches for articles published from 1982 to 2020 using related keywords such as male and female infertility and heavy metals were performed in scientific databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and others. The results showed that, in recent years, the number of infertile individuals has increased. Various environmental, occupational, and genetic factors have been described as potential causes. Heavy metals lead, cadmium, and copper cause infertility in couples through various mechanisms, such as changes in sperm motility factors, decreased semen quality, or effects on the egg. Exposure to physical phenomena such as radiation (ionized or microwave) and heat; stress and mental disorders; chemicals from cigarettes, respiratory pollutants (lead), insecticides and pesticides; anesthetic gases; and mercury and cytotoxic drugs may also contribute to the onset of infertility.

Epidemiological Study of COVID-19 in Iran and the World: A Review Study.

COVID-19 is a new virus of the Coronaviridae family that is now spreading worldwide. Therefore, disseminating information about patients with the virus can help identify the virus, pathogenesis, and find treatments. The current study aimed to review the new coronavirus (COVID-19). To reach this aim, we searched keywords containing COVID-19, coronavirus, respiratory infection, epidemiology in Pub Med, Web of Science Direct, Scopus, Scientific Information Databases, and Google scholar. The results of our search led to the achievement of articles on the study of COVID-19. Based on the results of the study, COVID-19 is a global transmitter with rapid transmission power for which no specific drug has yet been found to treat it. The rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus, the relationship between disease severity and mortality with various factors, respiratory transmission, especially in the short distance, masks, hand washing, and physical distance observance as the most important way to prevent, diversify clinical symptoms and at the same time fever and cough as the most common clinical symptoms, treatment with non-specific antiviral drugs and treatment based on controlling clinical symptoms and strengthening immunity with known drugs, paying attention to children as asymptomatic carriers, and pretentious pregnancy in the event of COVID-19 are the most important findings of this study. The case fatality rate of COVID-19 has varied from 0.08% to 10.8% in the world, but fortunately, the number of patients who have recovered is very promising and more than 66 million people have recovered. There is still no effective drug or vaccine to prevent the disease and investigation in this field is ongoing. The only way to prevent and control the disease is adherence to the health protocols. Due to the need of the medical community to achieve the scientific results of this epidemic in Iran and other parts of the world, this article was written.

The effect of pomegranate seed oil on human health, especially epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome; a systematic review.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder in women. Today, medicinal plants have been considered by women, especially in the reproductive and pregnancy ages. Multiple drug treatments and the length of the treatment period often lead to incomplete treatment by patients. Therefore, due to the side effects of chemical drugs, this study was conducted to assess investigate the effect of pomegranate seed oil on polycystic ovary syndrome. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome is increasing by 15 to 20% and clinically includes oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hirsutism, and often infertility. Databases such as Cochran library, Medline, PubMed, SID, and Science Direct were used to access the related articles. To collect the required information, first, the articles that had one of the keywords of medicinal plants, polycystic ovary syndrome, plant, pomegranate extract, and menstrual irregularities in their text were searched in databases. All studies from 1985 to 2021 are included in the study. Conjugated linolenic acid (CLN) is a group of geometric and positional isomers of linolenic acid in which double bonds are conjugated. CLN has been reported to have a very strong cytotoxic effect on tissue tumor cells in the body, preventing cancer, reducing the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver, polycystic ovary syndrome, and LDL cholesterol in the blood. So far, seven CLN isomers have been identified, including ponic acid in pomegranate seed oil. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of situational and geometric isomers of linoleic acid in which double bonds are conjugated. The positive effects of the two main CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12) include inhibiting the growth of cancer, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, and reducing body fat.

An epidemiological study of poisoning cases in Babol (northern Iran) from 2015 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Poisoning is a major public health problem that constitutes a significant share of the global burden of disease. Previous studies conducted in this area indicated the importance of such epidemiological studies. The most critical impact of these studies is their effect on changing current regulations and, therefore, decreasing poisoning cases. We aimed to evaluate all poisoning cases with regard to the patients' demographics and the involved intoxicants. METHODS: The present study was conducted to investigate all poisoning cases who were admitted during a three-year period. Causes of poisoning, hospitalization, management procedures and outcome of the cases were surveyed. A total of 1448 patients referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital (Babol, Iran) from 2015 to 2018. RESULTS: More than half of the patients were females (51.7%), and the majority of poisoning cases were seen in patients aged between 15 to 25 years (34.2%). It was found that suicide made a large part of poisoning cases (65.6%), and females tend to attempt suicide more than males (64.3% vs. 35.7%, respectively). Also, regular drugs followed by club drugs were the most abundant toxic agents (52.1% and 23.3%, respectively). Aluminum phosphide (AlP) was the most lethal intoxicant in our study, accounting for 68.2% of all deaths. CONCLUSION: According to the results, it is concluded that the existing regulations for drug control and suicide prevention have not been efficient enough and further actions yet to be made to reduce the consequences of drug- and non-drug-related toxicities.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Fatal Traumatic Accidents in Babol, Iran: A Hospital-Based Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of fatal traumatic accidents in patients referred to a hospital in Babol, Northern Iran. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study being performed during a 1-year period including all the dead trauma patients referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Babol. We included all those patients who were transferred to our center to trauma and injuries and passed away during the hospital stay. Those who died due to electrical shock, drowning and suffocation caused by hanging sand poisoning were excluded from the study. Demographic information such as age, sex, marital status, education, employment, the type, location, and time of injury, injured parts of body and treatment methods, the cause, location and time of death were recorded. RESULTS: From the 92 dead patients, 76 were men (82.6%) and 16 were women (17.4%). The cause of death in 53 cases (57.6%) was head injury. Regarding the location,30patients (32.6%) died at the scene of the accident, 62(67.4%) died in the hospital. The maximum rate of trauma occurred in the afternoon shift between the hours of 13:30 to 19:30.The head and face were the most amaged organs. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of injury related mortality recorded in 81 patients (88.0%). Most of the accidents occurred in intercity roads in 27 people (33.3%) and the others in rural-urban roads. Pedestrians were the most common victims of road traffic accidents mortality being reported in 29 people (35.8%). CONCLUSION: Road traffic accidents are among the most common cause of injury related mortality in our region. Increasing the public knowledge and improve the traffic law enforcement measures should be considered for decreasing the morbidity and mortality.

A Case Report of Prolonged Apnea during ECT in a Patient with Suicidal Attempt by Organophosphorus Poison.

Organophosphorus pesticides have been used in some cases for suicidal attempts. Such poison can affect plasma cholinesterase activity. The case was a 47-year-old man hospitalized due to suicide attempt with swallowing agricultural poison. The patient, diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), underwent treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). At the first ECT session, the patient developed apnea for 45 minutes following receiving 20 mg succinylcholine. The patient was intubated; after restoration of respiration depth and rate, the patient was extubated. Collectively, in cases with history of suicide attempts, taking organophosphorus pesticides should be warn for pre-ECT anesthesia.